Sunday, November 20, 2011

Reproduction Embroidered Medallions


Well I couldn't find any reproduction quilts with embroidered centers.
It's an OLD-OLD fashioned idea waiting to be revived.
So I'll show you a few more period embroidered centers, this one from dealer Cindy Rennels. It's signed "Sarah Simms 1814"



Like most of the other early embroidered quilts one would guess the
 dated center is older than the actual quilt.
See Cindy's website here:

This one is from the collection of Old Sturbridge Village (#26-23-218),
made in New Hampshire.
Here's the link to the piece (I brightened the photos up a bit in Photoshop) You can see the pictures in high resolution at their site.


There are several embroidered panels, one that says
"Nancy Newton, Born February 18, 1801"
Notice the variety in her filled work stitches.

It's not too late to start a new trend. If you aren't comfortable drawing your own embroidered design you will find many kits for sale.

Like this one on linen from Historic Deerfield in Massachusetts

If you want to learn about the stitches do a web search for crewel embroidery stitch or Jacobean embroidery stitch.
Here are two pages that offer help.

 

Monday, November 7, 2011

More Embroidered Quilts and Bedcovers

IQSC # 2006.014.001
Probably made in the United Kingdom.
 Embroidery framed by piecework: a design option in 1812.

This bedcover is on display in the Elegant Geometry exhibit at the International Quilt Study Center and Museum right now. For an all-over view click here:


"Sarah Woodhouse's
Work Dec 23
1799"
Center of a quilt offered by dealer Maureen Morris

Click here to see more in her online store:
http://www.maureenmorris.com/catalogue_category.asp?cat=Miscellaneous


One basic look in the early 19th century was simple print borders of what they might call "sprigged muslin" framing an embroided center. These quilts might be British or American as the style seems to have been popular on either side of the Atlantic. One guesses the format was a useful finish for an old piece of schoolgirl needlework, a reason there is often a discrepancy between the date on the embroidery and the age  of the later cotton prints surrounding it.



Spreads with a print border framing old-fashioned embroidery 

The 1800-1820 period with so much new technology in the textile world marked the beginning of fast-changing fashion. But adding some chintz or patchwork to an embroidered piece could only bring it so far. The scattered floral designs above would have been unfashionable by 1810, indicating these might be older bedhangings adapted for coverlets. The print frames seem like an afterthought, an attempt to bring an old embroidered spread up-to-date.


"6 x 8 = 48 Dear Aunt, your quilt is out of date."

Lesson from Marmaduke Multiply in the 1830s

Of course, the embroidery took awhile to finish. Don't you just hate it when fashion changes and you aren't done yet.


Dated 1772
Scattered florals in Jacobean style, crewel work.
The height of fashion with an earlier generation
Collection of the Brooklyn Museum


These two marvelous spreads would look hopelessly old-fashioned by 1812.


The embroidered center in the IQSC quilt at the top is dated 1734.
The detail shows that the embroidery on all of these is what is called filled embroidery rather than the outline embroidery that became popular late in the 19th century.

See three embroidered spreads from the Metropolitan Museum of Art:

See the embroidered framed quilt at Jan Whitlock's online shop by clicking here and scrolling down to the bottom row.

Martha Soule has two blue and white quilts in the Smithsonian

The blue and white with chintz border is in the Quilt Index. Click here:

And more from the Quilt Index in the collection of the Museum of the Daughters of the American Revolution

Tuesday, November 1, 2011

3 The Chevalier Sisters: War in the West

An 1812 Battle in the Old Northwest

The French and the Native Tribes were important additional players in the British-American War of 1812. We have a hard time imagining the size of the early-19th-century Native American presence in the area known as the Old Northwest (Ohio to Wisconsin) because most tribes were forced further west in continuing Indian removals. Today's faded memory of that once-dominant culture is in the Indian names on rivers and towns.


Gallatin's map of the tribes near the Great Lakes

The early 19th-century tribes were certainly not a single power. Each had varying goals, economies and allegiances. England and Canada used diplomacy, threats, trade and tributes to ally Indians for their own purposes, policy that rankled Americans after the Revolutionary peace, another cause of hostilities leading to the 1812 War.

Francis Godfroy, a Miami-French trader
in a combination of Native and mainstream dress

The French remaining after the 1803 Louisiana Purchase also attempted to influence tribal allegiances. One remaining French presence was a population of Métis (people of mixed ancestry.) For generations Indian and French people intermarried, creating a unique culture that thrived along the waterways of Canada and the Midwestern states, as far west as Saint Louis and down to the Gulf of Mexico. The economy prospered on trade---furs and pelts exchanged for manufactured goods---with Métis acting as the go-betweens and translators.

The Chevalier sisters of Potawatomie and French descent were born in what we call Michigan in the 1780s. Archange Marie and Suzanne Françoise were daughters of a French trader and a Potawatomi woman who themselves were probably of mixed parentage.


The Ouilmette name lives on in Wilmette, Illinois.
 Postcard from about 1920.

Archange Chevalier married Canadian Antoine Ouilmette in 1796 and settled near the mouth of the Chicago River at the southern edge of Lake Michigan (we call it Chicago) where Antoine worked for an American trader named John Kinzie. Suzanne, called Sheshi, married Louis Pierre Buisson, also a Canadian trader. Louis traveled from Peoria to Mackinac, often selling goods to Kinzie.

A mid-19th century interpetation of Fort Dearborn on the Chicago River

American Fort Dearborn protected Kinzie's trading post and the small lakefront village with a few Americans and Canadians of English descent living among mixed families. The French/Indian people tried to maintain peace and a make a profit by cooperating with the people of English descent and the Indians who resented American and British presence.


War shifted all allegiances. American commanders realized overtly hostile English influence over the local tribes made Fort Dearborn indefensible. Negotiating with Potawatomi elders, they traded a promise of American safe passage for goods stored at the Fort, "blankets, broadcloths, calicos, paints, etc.,"

The 1812 violence at Fort Dearborn
is remembered in a 1928 sculpture by Henry Hering,
built into the southwest tower of Chicago's Michigan Avenue Bridge.

Before leaving, the Army destroyed ammunition and liquor, a breach of promise according to younger Indians. Shortly after the Americans started out on August 15, 1812, violence exploded near Prairie Avenue at 18th in today's geography.

Women and children were fair game. Eighteen-year-old Margaret McKillip Helm survived only because Potawatomi leader Black Partridge pretended to drown her while supporting her head above the water. For reasons never explained he singled her out for protection, hiding her at Archange Ouilmette's house.

American Juliette Kinzie later wrote an account of Margaret's escape. Black Partridge advised her to "assume the ordinary dress of a French woman of the country; namely, a short gown and petticoat, with a blue cotton handkerchief wrapped around her head."


My guess: Native costume in Chicago
 was similar to that of the Dominican woman on the left.
The words short gown refer to her jacket,
a rather old-fashioned working-class garment
by 1812. Her mistress is more fashionably dressed.

Even clad in French/Indian attire Margaret's pale complexion would not fool the young warriors, so sisters Archange and Suzanne hid her under a mattress. Suzanne "then seated herself with her sewing upon the front of the bed."



The Kinzie's House from Juliette Kinzie's book

" The Indians entered, and [Margaret] could occasionally see them from her hiding-place, gliding about, and stealthily inspecting every part of the room...until apparently satisfied that there was no one concealed, they left the house.

" All this time [Suzanne Buisson] had kept her seat upon the side of the bed, calmly assorting and arranging the patchwork of the quilt on which she was engaged, and preserving an appearance of the utmost tranquility, although she knew not but that the next moment she might receive a tomahawk in her brain. Her self-command unquestionably saved the lives of all present."

I  know too little about frontier history to judge the accuracy or even the plausibility of this tale published 30 years later by Juliette Kinzie who heard it from her husband's family. Narrative of the Massacre at Chicago, August 15, 1812, and of Some Preceding Events followed the period formula about white/Indian encounters, justifying Indian removal by their unpredictable violence while lauding a noble exception (Black Partridge.)


Juliette Kinzie 1806-1870
A founder of the Chicago Historical Society

If Suzanne Buisson were indeed sorting her patchwork scraps near Lake Michigan in 1812 she was likely using the printed cottons in stock at Fort Dearborn and the Kinzie store. One of calico's major markets was as trade goods and gifts for the tribes.



Tintype, Native American man
wearing a cotton shirt, late 19th century



We have no surviving early quilts from Native women or women of the French/Indian culture, although they might have made them. I find Mrs. Kinzie's story a bit suspect but we can remember the Chevalier sisters and their culture by finding inspiration in the crafts of Native Americans.

Epaulette

The imagery in these two embroidered pieces is based in tradition from India and Asia, adapted by European cultures and then by Native American artisans. The basic symmetries and simple floral shapes are often found in applique and embroidered quilts.




 Two 19th-century Native American needlework items
 from the collection of the McCord Museum in Montreal.
See a link below.

One could combine the Native American imagery as embroidery or applique in the central medallion format.

This quilt is dated 1822,  made by Margaret Nowlan in Maumee, Ohio, and in the collection of the Smithsonian according to my notes. Although it's dated 10 years after the violence at Fort Dearborn the design seems very much of our period. The simple borders would be an excellent way to frame a piece of embroidery inspired by the Native American designs.


Here's the corner of a medallion with an embroidered center from dealer Jan Whitlock's webpage. Click here to see the full quilt. It's on the bottom row of the thumbnail pictures.

Medallion with an embroidered center signed Mary Jones and dated 1795
The curators at the Art Institute of Chicago, where this quilt top is now, believe the patchwork was added twenty or so years later. Click here to see it at their site:



Virtual quilt

I did a little Photoshopping here, plopping my virtually appliqued and embroidered center
 into a top I started a few years ago. The Native American imagery is a little more modern to our eyes than the embroidered centers in the quilts above---less clutter, more visual shorthand for flowers.

But back to the Chevalier sisters...
During and after the War the women who lived near the Kinzie store remained near Lake Michigan. In 1829 Archange Ouilmette was granted land along the shore in what is now Wilmette. The family farmed there for about five years until the Potawatomi were again moved, sent west of the Mississippi River. Archange died in 1840 in western Iowa near the Missouri River.

Suzanne Buisson's husband continued as a trader with the American Fur Company in the Chicago/Peoria area but Sheshi disappears from the records.  Margaret Helm and her husband remained in Chicago but their marriage was unhappy. She obtained a divorce in the 1820s.

The Potawatomi were moved again
 in the 1840s to Kansas. Photograph about 1865.


Links
-Here's a comprehensive site to people, places and events in Early Chicago
http://www.earlychicago.com/


-Read Juliette Kinzie's Narrative of the Massacre at Chicago, August 15, 1812, and of Some Preceding Events
http://www.archive.org/details/narrativeofmassa00kinz


See another epaulette at the McCord Museum in Montreal by clicking here:
http://www.mccord-museum.qc.ca/en/collection/artifacts/ME938.1.12.1-2

The Royal Ontario Museum has many needlework objects by Native Americans. Click here
http://images.rom.on.ca/public/index.php?function=browse&action=selected&tbl=aa&filter=aa_coll&fid=5&sid=&ccid=
and browse through Decorative Arts
See another idea here:
And this blog shows an embroidered sampler made by a girl born into the traders' culture in 1810.
http://wisconsinobject.wordpress.com/2009/03/18/favorite-finds-1/

One hundred years later a Sioux woman from the Standing Rock area in the Dakotas posed with  needlework for photographer Frank Fiske. The interplay between European and Native American imagery continues.